ABSTRACT
Este artículo ofrece una exploración empírica y conceptual del odontograma, un dispositivo usado cotidianamente en la práctica odontológica para evaluar el estado dental. Se tomaron como base los aportes del "giro ontológico" y algunas de las propuestas más recientes de las teorías del afecto para reflexionar más allá de las concepciones epistemológicas de la representación. El propósito es comprender las relaciones materiales, corporales y afectivas puestas en acción en la formación odontológica en relación con el odontograma. Se tomó como caso de estudio un programa de educación odontológica ubicado en una ciudad intermedia de Colombia, particularmente lo ocurrido en prácticas clínicas y en reuniones de profesores. Para el análisis, se partió de la noción de momento etnográfico propuesta por Marilyn Strathern. Se encontraron diversas situaciones que muestran la capacidad del odontograma para articular afectos, como discutir convenciones, diligenciar con lápiz los formatos de la historia clínica, mover la silla de la unidad odontológica para ver los dientes, secar con la jeringa triple, explicar diferencias sutiles entre anatomía y patología, y evaluar los odontogramas hechos por los estudiantes. Se concluye que la relación entre la boca del paciente y el odontograma es compleja y de mutuo exceso, lo cual posibilita una experiencia más rica de los dientes
This paper offers an empirical and conceptual exploration of the dental chart, a tool used to assess dental status. It is built on the "ontological turn" and recent affect theories to reflect beyond the epistemological concept of representation. This paper aims to understand the material, embodied, and affective relationships implemented in dental training regarding the dental chart. A dental education program in an intermediate city in Colombia was taken as a case study, mainly what happened in clinical practices and faculty meetings. It adopted the notion of "ethnographic moment" proposed by Marilyn Strathern for the analysis. Diverse situations were observed, which demonstrated the capacity of the dental chart to articulate affects, such as discussing conventions, filling out clinical records using a pencil, moving the chair of the dental unit to see the teeth, drying with the triple syringe, explaining subtle differences between anatomy and pathology, and evaluating the dental charts carried out by the students. It was inferred that the relationship between the patient's mouth and the dental chart is complex and mutually excessive, enabling a richer experience of the teeth.
Este artigo oferece uma exploração empírica e conceitual do odontograma, um dispositivo usado diaria- mente na prática odontológica para avaliar o estado dentário. As contribuições da "virada ontológica" e algumas das propostas mais recentes das teorias do afeto foram tomadas como base para refletir para além das concepções epistemológicas da representação. O objetivo do texto é compreender as relações materiais, corporais e afetivas postas em ação na formação odontológica em relação ao odontograma. Um programa de educação odontológica localizado em uma cidade intermediária na Colômbia foi tomado como um estudo de caso, particularmente o que aconteceu nas práticas clínicas e nas reuniões de professores. Para a análise, partimos da noção de "momento etnográfico" proposta por Marilyn Strathern. Foram encontradas várias situações que mostram a capacidade do odontograma de articular afetos, como discutir convenções, preencher formatos de história clínica com lápis, mover a cadeira da unidade odontológica para ver os dentes, secar com a seringa tríplice, explicar diferenças sutis entre anatomia e patologia e avaliar os odontogramas feitos pelos alunos. Conclui-se que a relação entre a boca do paciente e o odontograma é complexa e de excesso mútuo, o que possibilita uma experiência mais rica dos dentes.
Subject(s)
HumansABSTRACT
Este artigo realizou uma replicação sistemática do estudo de Hayashi et al. (2013) e teve como objetivo ava-liar a emergência de nomeação de letras a partir do ensino de emparelhamento auditivo-visual, no contexto do ensino remoto, diante da pandemia de Covid-19. Participaram da pesquisa quatro alunos, de ambos os gêneros, com idades entre 5 e 10 anos, três deles com síndrome de Down e uma participante com Transtorno do Espectro Autista. A coleta de dados realizou-se por meio da plataforma Zoom, individualmente, e utilizou um software específico para programação e registro das respostas. O ensino constituiu na seleção da letra maiúscula impressa, apresentada na tela do computador simultaneamente com as demais letras impressas do conjunto, diante do nome da letra ditado. Na avaliação, a criança deveria nomear a letra. Foi empregado um delineamento de múltiplas sondagens entre conjuntos de letras. Os resultados mostraram que os quatros participantes apresentaram aumento da nomeação correta das letras após as sessões de ensino para a maio-ria dos conjuntos. Os dados indicaram que o procedimento de ensino pode ser uma alternativa viável para estabelecer o reconhecimento e nomeação de letras com pessoas público-alvo da educação especial, suple-mentando o ensino da escola regular e podendo ser conduzido por professores e familiares
This study aimed to replicate the study of Hayashi et al. (2013) and to assess the emergence of letter naming from the teaching of auditory-visual pairing, in the context of remote teaching, in view of the Covid-19 pandemic. Four students, of both genders, aged five to ten years, three of them with Down syndrome and one participant with Autistic Spectrum Disorder participated in the research. Data collection was performed using the Zoom platform, individually. Teaching consisted of the selection of the printed capital letter, presented on the computer screen simultaneously the printed letters of the set, and the letter name dictated. In the evaluation, the child named the letter. A design of multiple probes between sets of letters was used. The results showed that all four participants showed an increase in correct letter naming after the teaching sessions for most letter sets. The data indicated that the teaching procedure can be a viable alternative to establish the recognition and naming of letters with people who are the target audience of Special Education, supplementing regular school teaching and can be conducted by teachers and family members
Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo replicar el estudio de Hayashi et al. (2013) y evaluar el surgimiento de la denominación de letras desde la enseñanza del binomio auditivo-visual, en el contexto de la enseñanza remota, frente a la pandemia del Covid-19. Participaron en la investigación cuatro estudiantes, de ambos sexos, con edades entre 5 y 10 años, tres de ellos con síndrome de Down y uno con Trastorno del Espectro Autista. La colecta de datos se realizó a través de la plataforma Zoom, de forma individual. El proceso de enseñanza consistió en la selección de la letra mayúscula impresa presentada en la pantalla de la compu-tadora simultáneamente a las letras impresas del conjunto frente al nombre de la letra dictada. En la eva-luación, el niño nombró la letra. Se utilizó un diseño de sonorización múltiple entre conjuntos de letras. Los resultados mostraron que los cuatro participantes tuvieron un aumento en la denominación correcta de las letras después de las sesiones de enseñanza para la mayoría de los conjuntos de letras. Los datos indicaron que el procedimiento de enseñanza puede ser una alternativa viable para las personas que requieren de educación especial al establecer el reconocimiento y el nombramiento de las letras, este método puede ser un suplemento de la escolarización y puede llevarse a cabo por profesores y familiares.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Child , Data Collection , Education, DistanceABSTRACT
RESUMEN Fundamento: La calidad de los instrumentos evaluativos resulta esencial en el proceso de evaluación del aprendizaje. Objetivo: Determinar los índices de dificultad y discriminación del examen final ordinario de la asignatura Ontogenia Humana y Soma. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo transversal en la asignatura Ontogenia y SOMA, del curso 2017-2018 en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Sancti Spíritus, en el que se procesaron 163 exámenes ordinarios finales, el 30 % de los examinados seleccionados mediante un muestreo aleatorio estratificado por grupos, se calcularon el índice de dificultad e índice de discriminación por preguntas, temas y ciencias. Resultados: El número de incisos esperados y reales, de acuerdo con las horas clases para cada ciencia estuvo ajustado, no así en las temáticas Ontogenia de 17 incisos esperados se dedicaron 12 (70.5 %), en SOMA de 34 incisos esperados se dedicaron 29 (85.2 %); el índice de dificultad por temáticas, ciencias y temarios fue medianamente fácil (0.74-0.86) al igual que para el examen en su conjunto. El índice de discriminación del tema Ontogenia fue superior en el temario 1 (T1: 0.37 vs. T2: 0.24) y similar en SOMA (T1: 0.40 vs. T2: 0.39) y a nivel de las ciencias [Embriología (T1: 0.39 vs. T2: 0.31), Anatomía (T1: 0.39 vs. T2: 0.37)]. A nivel de preguntas, el índice de discriminación más bajo lo tuvo la pregunta 1 del primer temario (0.22), el resto tuvo índices de discriminación superiores a 0.30. Conclusiones: Ambos temarios tienen un índice de discriminación similar. El índice de dificultad fue medianamente fácil.
ABSTRACT Background: The quality of the assessment instruments is essential in the learning assessment process. Objective: To determine the difficulty and discernment indexes of the Human Ontogeny and SOMA ordinary final test subject. Methodology: A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted on the Ontogeny and SOMA subject, from 2017 to 2018 academic year at the Sancti Spíritus Faculty of Medical Sciences, 163 final ordinary tests were processed, 30 % of the examinees selected by stratified random cluster sampling, the difficulty and discernment index were calculated by questions, topics and sciences. Results: The number of expected and real items, according to the class hours for each science, was adjusted, but not in the subjects (Ontogeny of 17 expected items were dedicated 12 (70.5 %), in SOMA of 34 expected items 29 were dedicated (85.2 %), the difficulty index by subjects, sciences and syllabus was moderately easy (0.74-0.86) as for the exam as a whole. The discernment index of the topic Ontogeny was higher in the syllabus 1 (T1: 0.37 vs. T2: 0.24) and similar in SOMA (T1: 0.40 vs. T2: 0.39) and [Embryology (T1: 0.39 vs. T2: 0.31), Anatomy (T1: 0.39 vs. T2: 0.37)]. At the science level questions, the lowest discernment index was found in question 1 from the first syllabus (0.22), the rest had discernment indexes higher than 0.30. Conclusions: Both topics have a similar discernment index. The difficulty index was moderately easy.
Subject(s)
Schools, Medical , Validation Study , Discrimination LearningABSTRACT
Introducción: La planificación docente en enfermería debe considerar la simulación clínica como una parte fundamental, proponiendo programas docentes de simulación que permitan la adquisición de competencias en el marco de determinadas áreas de la disciplina enfermera. Ese enfoque debe ir encaminado a comprobar que la forma de planificar el contenido y la ejecución de las prácticas simuladas tiene que lograr la implicación del alumnado, mediante una mayor participación y retroalimentación. Objetivo: Evaluar si prácticas más participativas y motivadoras suponen un mejor rendimiento en el aprendizaje del alumnado frente a modelos docentes más clásicos con menor participación. Métodos: Estudio transversal descriptivo con una muestra final de 110 individuos, desarrollado en la Facultad de Enfermería de Valladolid entre septiembre 2016 y marzo 2018, en el que se evaluaron las competencias adquiridas a través de un cuestionario acerca de un supuesto práctico clínico tras efectuar un modelo de prácticas participativo frente a otro menos participativo. Significación estadística obtenida por t -student. Resultados: La evaluación de las prácticas clínicas simuladas más participativas se puntúa por los participantes con un valor promedio de 8,2 puntos sobre 10. Sin embargo, la metodología clásica de clase teórico-práctica, con una menor participación activa, recibe un valor de 6,1 (sobre 10). Conclusión: El modelo de prácticas simuladas más participativo produce un mayor aprendizaje en el alumnado, pero sobre todo, pone en evidencia que las prácticas simuladas más participativas suponen un modelo docente adecuado para la consecución de las competencias formativas(AU)
Introduction: Nursing teaching planning should consider clinical simulation as a fundamental part, proposing simulation-teaching programs that allow acquisition of competences within certain areas of the nursing discipline. Such approach should be aimed at verifying that the way to plan the content and the execution of the simulated practices are to guarantee student involvement, by means of better participation and feedback. Objective: To assess whether more participatory and motivational practices mean better student learning performance compared to more classic teaching models with less participation. Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional study with a final sample of 110 individuals, carried out at the Nursing School of Valladolid, between September 2016 and March 2018, in which the competences acquired were evaluated through a questionnaire about a supposed clinical practical test after conducting a participatory practice model versus a less participatory one. Statistical significance was obtained by t-student. Results: The evaluation of the most participatory simulated clinical practices is scored by the participants with an average value of 8.2 out of 10. However, the classical methodology of theoretical-practical lesson, with a lower active participation, receives a value of 6.1 (out of 10). Conclusion: The most participatory simulated practice model produces greater learning in students, but, above all, it shows that the most participatory simulated practices represent an adequate teaching model for achieving training competences(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Clinical Clerkship/methods , Faculty, Nursing , Learning , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
Este estudo avaliou um procedimento para ensinar e produzir variabilidade em topografias de mando para duas crianças com autismo. Os objetivos foram: 1) ensinar novas topografias de mando por um procedimento de fading out do modelo verbal, 2) verificar se novas topografias de mando eram emitidas por generalização recombinativa, e 3) ensinar variabilidade pelo reforçamento direto do variar. Cinco topografias de mando foram ensinadas por um procedimento de fading out do modelo ecoico. Para ensinar variabilidade, usou-se o esquema Lag no qual reforçamento era contingente à resposta ser diferente das anteriores. O esquema Lag foi aumentado gradualmente. Os resultados mostraram que as crianças aprenderam as cinco topografias de mando. Novas topografias emergiram por generalização recombinativa, i.e., combinações entre topografias de mando ensinadas com novos objetos e partes abstraídas das diferentes topografias recombinadas em novas topografias. Variabilidade foi produzida só quando variações foram reforçadas após o ensino das topografias de mando.
This study evaluated a procedure to teach and produce variability in mand topographies to two children with autism. The objectives of the study were: 1) teaching new mand frames by a procedure of fading out the verbal model, 2) verifying whether new mand frames were emitted by recombinative generalization, and 3) teaching variability by direct reinforcing variation. Five mand frames were taught by a procedure of fading out the echoic model. To teach variability, a Lag schedule was used in which reinforcement was delivered contingent on the response being different from the previous ones. The Lag schedule was increased gradually. The results showed that the children learned the five mand frames. New mand topographies emerged from recombinative generalization, i.e., combinations between taught mand frames with new objects and parts of different mand frames recombined in new frames. Variability was produced only when variation was reinforced after mand frames were taught.
El trabajo buscó evaluar un procedimiento para enseñar y producir variabilidad para dos niños autistas. Los objetivos del estudio fueron: 1) enseñarles nuevas topografías de comando por medio de un procedimiento de desvanecimiento del modelo verbal; 2) testear si se emiten nuevos comandos por generalización recombinativa, y 3) enseñarles variación por medio del reforzamiento directo de la variación. Se enseñaron cinco topografías de comando con un procedimiento de desvanecimiento del modelo ecoico. Para enseñar variabilidad, el programa Lag utilizado consistió en reforzar las respuestas que fueran diferentes a las anteriores. El programa Lag fue aumentado gradualmente. Los resultados mostraron que los niños aprendieron las cinco topografías de comando. Surgieron nuevas topografías de comando por generalización recombinativa, es decir, combinaciones entre topografias de comando enseñadas con nuevos objetos y elementos de comandos diferentes recombinados en nuevas topografías. Cuando se reforzó la variación, se produjo variabilidad, después de que se enseñaran las topografias de comando.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Autistic Disorder/psychology , Verbal Behavior , Psychology, Child , Behavior Control/psychology , Discrimination Learning , Brazil , Child , Child, Exceptional/psychologyABSTRACT
<b>Objective: </b>Numerous new drugs have been developed in recent years, making the available types of prescription drugs quite diverse, with increasingly more complex drug interactions. From an operations support system perspective, hospitals that cannot incorporate a large-scale custom-order system because of financial or use-efficiency limitations have no choice but to rely on commercial products. However, this leaves many problems unsolved, such as functional restrictions and limited specifications. In this study, we used Microsoft®Visual Basic®for Application (VBA) to develop an economical drug discrimination system suited to our situation and equipped with original function from the perspective of clinical pharmacists.<br><b>Design: </b>System design and development.<br><b>Methods: </b>We prototyped the system in VBA and used Microsoft®Excel®to create Query Tables. The utility of the new system was evaluated based on drug discrimination output and time required in each process.<br><b>Results: </b>The new system is capable of inter-database communication and automated data analysis and uses drop-down lists of pre-defined options for data input in many places. Compared with the conventional method, the new system enabled us to significantly reduce the average time needed to input and confirm data by as much as 61.9%. This indicates that the new system can considerably reduce the time required for completing time-intensive processes and is also useful in preparing highly precise drug discrimination reports.<br><b>Conclusion: </b>Based on the results obtained so far, the new, original system, developed with zero design or development costs, is more efficient and offers more reliable information in the clinical setting than the conventional system. As a result, we are able to maintain operational quality and reduce the amount of time required for drug discrimination.
ABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Caracterizar o desenvolvimento das noções de classificação e seriação em crianças com síndrome de Down. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi constituída por 15 crianças, com idade cronológica entre cinco e 13 anos, localizadas no período pré-operatório do desenvolvimento cognitivo, divididas em três grupos igualitários, de acordo com sua idade mental, cujas médias foram de 3,4 anos para G1, de 4,3 anos para G2 e de 5,4 anos para G3, obtidas por meio da aplicação do Primary Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (PTONI) em sessão diferente das demais provas. As crianças foram submetidas a provas de classificação, com materiais não-figurativos e figurativos, e de seriação, com conjuntos de canecas e de bastonetes de tamanhos diferentes e escalonados. As crianças foram avaliadas individualmente em sessões diferentes para classificação e seriação, sem ordem previamente estabelecida. Todas as sessões foram filmadas e transcritas em protocolos específicos. RESULTADOS: Diferenças estatisticamente significantes foram observadas para a classificação figural entre G1 e G3, mais utilizada em G1 e não mais presente em G3, e para a classificação não-figural por características semânticas, com menor uso em G1 e maior em G3. Para a seriação, os resultados estatisticamente significantes foram obtidos entre G1 e G3, com relação à empírica e entre G3 e os outros grupos, para a intermediária. A seriação operativa somente apareceu em G3. CONCLUSÃO: As análises intra e intergrupos apontaram o caráter evolutivo e cumulativo das noções de classificação e seriação. Foi verificado que as crianças estudadas seguiram a ordem de aquisição como observada no desenvolvimento típico. Registro no Clinical Trials nº NCT00952354.
PURPOSE: To characterize the development of classification and seriation notions in children with Down syndrome. METHODS: The sample was composed of 15 children with chronological ages between five and 13 years old. Subjects were placed in the pre-operational period of cognitive development and arranged in three egalitarian groups, according to their mental age. Mean mental ages were 3.4 years for G1, 4.3 years for G2, and 5.4 years for G3, as measured by the Primary Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (PTONI), administered in a different session than the others tasks. Children were submitted to classification tasks using non-figurative and figurative materials, and seriation tasks using bowls and sticks of different sizes. Subjects were individually assessed in different sessions for classification and seriation tasks, with no previously established order. All sessions were registered in video and transcribed in specific protocols. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences between G1 and G3 were observed for figural classification, with a higher use by G1 and no use by G3, and for non-figural classification with semantic characteristics with a lower use by G1 and a higher use by G3. For seriation, statistically significant results were obtained for comparisons between G1 and G3 regarding the empirical kind, and for comparisons between G3 and the other groups regarding the intermediate kind. Operational seriation was observed only for G3. CONCLUSION: Within- and between-group analysis showed the progressive and cumulative character of classification and seriation notions. Moreover, the studied children followed the same acquisition order observed in typical development. Clinical Trials registration # NCT00952354.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Child Development , Discrimination Learning , Down Syndrome , Intelligence Tests , Language DevelopmentABSTRACT
Objective Using apomorphine, a potent dopamine receptor agonist and rotating T-maze, the effect of apomorphine on the visual discrimination learning and reversal learning in rats was investigated. Methods All rats were trained in a visual discrimination task (food reward and light stimulus) in rotating T-maze. After reaching the acquisition criterion, rats were trained in a reversal task (food reward and without light stimulus) in the same maze. During the period of visual discrimination task, apomorphine was administrated either 30 minutes prior to learning or after learning immediately. Results The results showed that apomorphine, which was given either 30 minutes prior to visual discrimination learning or after learning, could impair the acquisition of discrimination learning( 259.20±26.29 and 264.00±16.97, compared to 168.00±16.97 and 163.20±20.08) and apomorphine, which was given only after visual discrimination learning, could impair the acquisition of reversal learning (451.20±39.44 compared to 360.00±29.39). Conclusion The results showed that apomorphine, which was given either 30 minutes prior to visual discrimination learning or after learning, could impair the acquisition of discrimination learning and apomorphine, which was given only after visual discrimination learning, could impair the acquisition of reversal learning.